The Wrong Debate!
A recently published paper describing the results of an academic study by Ethan S. Bernstein and Stephen Turban[1], both of Harvard, has become another unwarranted casualty of the debate on ‘open plan’ offices versus anything else.
The researchers conducted two controlled studies in different organisations before and after a workplace refurbishment from dedicated cubicles to dedicated open plan (benching) neighbourhoods, and concluded that face to face interaction reduced significantly, while email and other digital communications increased in the new environment.
It’s not hard to guess what happened when workplace commentators got their hands on these findings, right?
“Here’s the final nail in the coffin of open plan offices”
“Open plan offices are making us less social”
“Open plan offices don’t live up to the hype – in fact, the idea that they promote interaction is dead wrong.”
“A recent Harvard University study has proven what anyone who has ever worked in an open-plan office already knows to be true: they’re terrible!”
“If you’ve long felt open-plan offices were a collaboration killer, a new Harvard study proves you were right all along.”
(sources withheld to protect the guilty!)
We all know this is the wrong debate, right?
‘Open office’ is a very broad term that encompasses a hugely diverse range of workplace designs, and like many things in life when done excessively it can be bad for you, but used in moderation in the right context for the right purpose, ‘open plan’ has a place in the workplace toolkit.
So why are the media and industry pundits so tempted to get caught up in the ‘open plan is evil’ debate, rather than reviewing the facts of the research and applying these rationally to advance the understanding and (one hopes!), the quality of decisions about work environments?
‘Fake News’ vs the Facts
I took the time to locate and read the original research paper titled “The impact of the ‘open’ workspace on human collaboration” by Bernstein & Turban. Yes, it’s an academic paper so it’s structured in a particular way that’s a bit like reading Shakespeare after a diet of Facebook, but the effort is worth it if you’re serious about separating ‘fake news’ from the facts.
After reading the paper, I felt compelled to put the research findings into context and to consider how the results contribute to understanding the influence of open environments on behaviour.
In a nutshell, the purpose of the research was to test the effect of moving from cubicles to open plan benches on face to face and digital interaction. The study had to be very controlled to isolate the possibility of a ‘causal’ effect , which means the effect of other potentially influencing factors had to be removed, reduced or ignored in the data. This is typical of rigorous, statistically valid academic research, and is both its strength and, sometimes, its weakness.
A small sample of employees agreed to wear sociometric devices to capture the change in quantity of face to face (F2F) interactions, defined as occurring under specific circumstances. In parallel, the researchers measured the volume of digital interaction (also carefully defined). In both studies the volume of face-to-face interaction decreased by approximately 70%, and emails between participants increased by approximately 22-56%. The researchers concluded quite logically that as a result of moving to open plan, email and instant messaging replaced communication that was previously done face to face.
Open plan interaction stats
On the surface of it, many of us in the industry might not find this result terribly surprising, as we know from many studies (stretching back to the famous “Hawthorne Studies”[2]) that there is a tendency for people to withdraw when boundaries and degrees of privacy are removed –
in other words, we feel more exposed without walls and so we try to ‘replace’ perceived loss of communication privacy by emailing instead of talking.
However, while this may explain to a degree the change in behaviour, this should not be used to suggest that cubicles offer more acoustic privacy for face to face conversations; fake news alert – high-walled cubicles are not acoustically private! Instead of ditching open plan offices, we should devise better ways to mitigate negative behavioural responses to exposure, and encourage positive responses to openness and greater connectedness.
If You Don’t Ask…
If you are like me, by now you are probably starting to ask a yourself a lot of questions about the context of the studies, which would deepen our understanding and help us come to relevant and rational conclusions about the results. Questions like:
- What other spaces to conduct individual or group activities were available to the groups studied – on the same floor, and in the tenancy? For example meeting rooms, breakout areas, phone booths, casual discussion areas?
- Was the only physical change from cubicles to open plan desks? Were any other individual or group spaces added or changed?
- Was any technology changed?
- How large were the two spaces/floors that were refurbished and did the density change from before to after (other studies have shown that face to face communications rarely occur when people have to travel more than 50 metres[3])?
- Did the sociometric badges only capture data in the open plan area where the team was based? How do we know what conversations might have happened in other places (noting this was not an activity-based environment, people were assigned to desks)?
- The sociometric badges record a F2F conversation according to specific conditions – was there any attempt at capturing or observing casual conversations for example side-by-side or diagonally across workstations?
- Were people encouraged to modify their workstyles after moving to the new environment? Was there any cultural or behavioural coaching or new workplace etiquettes developed to support the desired outcome of greater collaboration?
Questions like this are important because:
without properly understanding the context, we risk applying (or discounting) the evidence in a situation where it could have contributed to a better workplace decision.
Context Context Context!
Seeking answers to my questions, I reached out to the authors, and had an engaging and enjoyable dialogue with Professor Bernstein.
Of course, as this was a real-world situation (and perhaps also because the outcomes were less than ideal!) the researchers had to keep most of the study information confidential – including the useful contextual stuff I wanted to know more about. Bummer, but totally understandable.
However, the authors confirmed no change in technology or overall density, and no new collaboration or focus spaces in the new office, but couldn’t reveal if there were any (or many) in the first place.
As people were probably no closer physically in the new open plan, its unlikely that increased proximity was a factor in people withdrawing from direct engagement.
We also conclude that F2F was not encouraged in other ways; people were no more mobile than before, as no new technologies were introduced to support individual or group activities away from dedicated desks, nor were any new spaces designed to encourage face to face discussions provided in either refurbishment.
However, we would expect the ability to see nearby colleagues (who we assume were previously hidden from sight by the cube walls) would prompt more spontaneous conversations around the benches, particularly coaching and problem-solving type discussions. The researchers said they tested the findings without the line-of-sight constraint for identifying a F2F conversation and found no significant change in the results. This means side by side or diagonal conversations at desks didn’t increase when people were able to see each other;
The much touted link between visibility (opennness! transparancy!) and increased communication wasn’t evident in this case – at least not for face to face conversations.
This is a very poor business outcome because open team environments have been widely embraced as a way of encouraging the ad-hoc team conversations that are important in fast-paced, continuous improvement environments.
Open plan and team comms
So, what might this mean for future workplace strategies and design?
It probably means we don’t know enough about the context to draw specific conclusions about contributing causes.
Perhaps both refurbishments were poorly-designed open plan offices, with little spatial diversity and little regard for acoustic privacy and noise management, or maybe neither company considered behavioural change and supporting protocols to encourage communication. Another explanation might be that people are having these conversations outside the physical research zone, when not wearing their sensors.
We just don’t know.
Context is Complex (and So Are Humans)
The findings by Bernstein and Turban provide valuable, quantitative evidence that line of sight and proximity may not increase the quantity of face to face communication within teams under all circumstances. It complements and reinforces existing research into teamwork, collaboration and innovation that reveal some of the shortcomings of open-plan offices[4].
Face to face interaction is the most valuable form of communication for building collective intelligence – a critical requirement for team performance and productivity[5]. The evidence suggests that open plan environments may reduce face to face interaction – and thus team performance – for teams who depend on collective intelligence, if more private spaces for discussion are not provided.
Social interaction helps people form relationships that facilitate information exchange and collaboration, which in turn builds trust and supports innovation, particularly in multidisciplinary teams[6]. There is evidence that few boundaries and less distance between people increases social interaction[7]. This theory of proximity is evidenced in strategies for open team workareas connected by shared breakout and connector spaces which act as ‘buffer and bump’ zones.
We should not confuse the potentially negative impact of open plan team areas on the quantity of face to face interaction with the potentially positive impact of proximity on social interaction.
It’s Not Just About Design
Boston Consulting Group’s move to new offices at Hudson Yards provides a real-world example of ‘encouraged proximity’ increasing social interaction. The new offices are designed to encourage “brilliant, diverse, passionate people to connect and cultivate ideas that shape the future.” Sensor data on face to face interactions shows that ‘collisions’ between people increased by almost 20% in the new workplace compared to before[8]. Most of the increase was in collisions with people in other teams or departments, which is a desired outcome.
The BCG environment is 100% unassigned and the workstyle of a management consultant is naturally mobile, extremely varied and reliant on superior knowledge-accumulation across a range of disciplines. This autonomous, empowered way of working is probably a stark contrast to the Bernstein and Turban study of the workstyles of finance, human resources and product people assigned to desks in a fairly monotonous environment, and probably contributes to the positive difference in results.
This example demonstrates the critical need to identify the workplace characteristics most likely to have a positive or negative influence on desired behaviours for a given workstyle and cultural context.
We Only Know What We Know
The evidence from both these new workplace performance studies fails to tell us (and does not try to!) whether open plan is good or bad, because that question doesn’t make sense.
Despite evidence suggesting the advantages of transparency and proximity often don’t materialise, more open environments have become in various guises the dominant characteristic of workplace strategy and design for the past twenty years. While predominantly open environments might be here to stay,
Evidence based planning open environment
This new research from Harvard cautions us to consider team workstyles and what makes teams successful when we make choices about the work environment. How we combine and apply the settings in our workplace toolkit can have a negative – even if unintended – influence on team effectiveness. As workplace advisers and influencers we must avoid ‘groupthink’ and thoughtfully apply the learnings from other workplaces.
Rigorous, credible workplace research is good for our industry and for leaders because it helps inform decisions. As I’ve previously written,
it is risky to apply research findings to workplace strategies without understanding the context and how it may relate to a specific organisational decision.
Monotonously open plan environments may indeed be the enemy of workplace effectiveness and employee experience in many (or most) situations, but let’s ensure we don’t make critical workplace decisions based on ‘fake news’.
This article was also published in Work&Place Issue 11, Spring 2019 with the title “Calling time on the fake news about open plan.”
References
[1] Bernstein, Ethan S., and Stephen Turban. 2018. ‘The Impact of the “Open” Workspace on Human Collaboration’. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373 (1753): 20170239. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0239.
[2] “Human problems of an industrial civilization”, Mayo, 1933, and many other studies since, including a number by the Cornell International Workplace Studies Program, for example “The ecology of collaborative work”, Becker, Quinn and Tennesse, 1995 and “Offices that work; balancing communication, flexibility and cost”, Becker & Sims, 2001, and the well-known BOSTI Associates “Disproving Widespread myths about workplace design”, Brill & Weidemann, 2001.
[3] “Managing the flow of technology”, Allen, 1977, and “Interaction, Identity and Collocation: what value is a corporate campus?”, Becker, Sims & Schoss, 2002.
[4] For example, “The organisation as a physical environment of work”, Hatch, 1985, “Teamspace Strategies”, Sims, Joroff & Becker, 1994, “Offices that work; balancing communication, flexibility and cost”, Becker & Sims, 2001, and “Proximity and collaboration: measuring workplace configuration”, Brown, 2008, “Impact of workplace connectivity on office productivity”, Haynes, 2008, “Facilitating face to face communication in hi-tech teams”, Stryker & Santoro, 2012.
[5] “Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups”, Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi & Malone, 2010.
[6] “The New Science of Building Great Teams”, Pentland 2012.
[7] “Managing the flow of technology”, Allen, 1977, and “Interaction, Identity and Collocation: what value is a corporate campus?”, Becker, Sims & Schoss, 2002.
[8] https://urbanland.uli.org/industry-sectors/office/designing-collaboration-bcgs-collision-coefficient/
